Fig. 2: The fraction of activated and suppressed neurons was balanced in the CA1, but suppression dominated in the cortex.

a Heatmap of 140Hz-evoked responses across 3058 CA1 neuron. Every row is the mean normalized fluorescence of a neuron across trials. The color corresponds to the change relative to baseline, with red indicating increases, blue indicating decreases, and white indicating minimal change. Of the neurons recorded, 318 were activated (red, +, top), 2441 were unchanged (gray, Ø, middle), and 299 were suppressed (blue, -, bottom). b–g The fraction of activated, suppressed, and unchanged neurons for (b) 40 Hz in the CA1, (c) 140 Hz in the CA1, (d) 1 kHz in the CA1, (e) 40 Hz in the cortex, (f) 140 Hz in the cortex, and (g) 1 kHz in the cortex. h Comparison across stimulation frequencies for the fraction of (i, ii) activated and (iii, iv) suppressed neurons in CA1 and cortex. Bar plots are ± 95% confidence intervals. (Chi-squared test, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). i Comparison of the fraction of modulated neurons for CA1 and cortex. (Chi-squared test, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). j–o The number of activated vs. suppressed neurons across experimental sessions. Each circle corresponds to a recording session. Solid line is the linear regression with R² value indicated, and the dotted line corresponds to the diagonal for reference. p Variance of dynamic time warping (DTW) distance across neurons that were activated, suppressed, or unchanged at the three stimulation frequencies in the two brain regions. (Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn-Sidak correction, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). Violin plots depict the kernel density overlaid with box plots showing the interquartile range (1x, 1.5x). The white lines in the boxes are the median. All tests are two-tailed. n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005.