Fig. 5: 40 Hz and 140 Hz stimulation-evoked effect varied in temporal characteristics, but not strength, between CA1 and cortex.

a–d Heatmaps showing the normalized fluorescence across all neurons during (a–b) 40 Hz or (c-d) 140 Hz stimulation in the (a, c) CA1 and (b, d) cortex. The neurons were grouped based on modulation classification: activated (top, red, +), unchanged (middle, gray, Ø), or suppressed (bottom, blue, -). e Average fluorescence trace (± 95% confidence interval) in the CA1 (dark green) and cortex (dark yellow) for activated neurons during 40 Hz stimulation. f, g 40 Hz stimulation-evoked (f) AUC and (g) time to peak (Wilcoxon rank-sum, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). h Average fluorescence trace (± 95% confidence interval) in the CA1 (dark green) and cortex (dark yellow) for suppressed neurons during 40 Hz stimulation. i, j Same as f, g, but for suppressed neurons. (Wilcoxon rank-sum, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). (k) Average fluorescence trace (± 95% confidence interval) in the CA1 (green) and cortex (yellow) for activated neurons during 140 Hz stimulation. l–m 140 Hz stimulation-evoked response (l) AUC and (m) time to peak (Wilcoxon rank-sum, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). n Average fluorescence trace (± 95% confidence interval) in the CA1 (green) and cortex (yellow) for suppressed neurons during 140 Hz stimulation. o, p Same as l and m but for suppressed neurons (Wilcoxon rank-sum, statistical results in Suppl. Table 1). Violin plots depict the kernel density overlaid with box plots showing the interquartile range (1x, 1.5x). The white lines in the boxes are the median. All tests are two-tailed. n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005.