Fig. 2: The phylogenetic tree with the evolutionary rates.
From: Cortical areas associated to higher cognition drove primate brain evolution
a Evolutionary rate values related to the node correspond to the positive and significant shift. b The phylogenetic tree of mammals. The light blue circle indicates the positive shift in Catarrhine. The light red circles indicate the negative shift pertaining to Ferungulata and Marsupialia. The circle size is proportional to the intensity of rate change. c The phylogenetic tree of the Primates (extracted from the tree in b) shows the location of principal primate clades and representative shapes of their respective endocasts. The color gradient represents the map of the evolutionary changes in shape of the endocast from the mammal tree root, in terms of cortical area expansion (blue) and contraction (red). Multivariate rates of brain evolution of individual species are indicated by the colored dots next to the tree tips in both b and c. Brain endocasts of the different species are not to scale. Silhouettes for Homo, Carlito, Lemur, Bradypus, Macropus, Canis, Panthera, and Capreolus are free for reuse under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication license (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Silhouettes for Cebus (credits to Sarah Werning) and Ceratotherium (credits to Jan A. Venter, Herbert H. T. Prins, David A. Balfour and Rob Slotow) are free for reuse under the Attribution 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Silhouette for Macaca is free for reuse under the Public Domain Mark 1.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/).
