Fig. 2: Tissue based spatial profiling in pediatric duodenum.

a Example tiled, stitched, processed whole-section tissue images from healthy control duodenum and active celiac disease. Main image showing lactase, mucin-2 (MUC2), smooth muscle actin (SMactin), sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+K+-ATPase), and nuclei (DAPI), with inset target antigens as indicated. b Cell-type spatial map of healthy and celiac disease duodenum. c Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) for spatial clustering of cell-types. d Mean cell numbers and cell percentages for healthy versus celiac disease tissue (mean ± SEM, n = 3). e Mean epithelial sub-type cell percentages for healthy versus celiac disease tissue. f Example cellular density analysis for non-epithelial cells. g Example spatial cluster density analysis for PCNA+ cycling epithelial cells. h Example spatial cluster size analysis for pEGFR+ tuft cells. i Mean cluster size frequency for pEGFR+ tuft cells (mean ± SEM, n = 3) (j) Cell-cell neighborhood association analysis for pEGFR+ tuft cells. The p values for the different comparisons are total cells (0.9287), PCNA(0.0989), ChgA(0.0010), pEGFR(0.6480), and CD3D(0.5317).