Fig. 1: Decreased Menin expression in the stroma of RIF patients.

a Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining images of Menin expression in human endometrium in the early, mid, and late secretory phases and quantification of Menin-positive cells in stroma of different phases (n = 3); scale bar = 50 µm. GE: glandular epithelium, S: stroma. b Western blotting analysis of Menin and IGFBP1 protein expression in hESCs treated with estrogen (E2), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and 8Br-cAMP for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days (n = 3). c mRNA expression levels of MEN1 in human endometrial samples from the control and RIF groups in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE103465 and GSE205398). d Western blotting assay of Menin in human endometrial samples from the control and RIF groups (n = 5); β-actin served as the loading control. e Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of MEN1 mRNA expression in human endometrial samples from the control and RIF groups (n = 6). f Representative IHC staining images of Menin expression in the mid secretory phase human endometrium from the control and RIF groups, and quantification of Menin-positive cells in epithelium and stroma of these groups (n = 3); scale bar = 200 μm. GE glandular epithelium, S stroma. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, Student’s t test.