Fig. 3: Intracerebroventricular injection of L-aspartic acid increased defensive attack behavior of male offspring. | Communications Biology

Fig. 3: Intracerebroventricular injection of L-aspartic acid increased defensive attack behavior of male offspring.

From: Effect and mechanism of father’s companionship on defensive attack behavior of adult male offspring mice

Fig. 3

a The experimental design of intracerebroventricular injection of L-aspartic acid and defensive attack behavior test. b–d Latency of biting (one-way ANOVA, F (2, 21) = 1.250, P = 0.307), frequency of biting (one-way ANOVA, F (2, 21) = 2.275, P = 0.127), and biting duration (one-way ANOVA, F (2, 21) = 4.069, P = 0.032) after intracerebroventricular injection of L-aspartic acid. Mice treated with 0.2 μmol/μL L-aspartic acid for 3 μL exhibited longer biting duration compared to the saline control group (Fisher’s LSD post-test, p = 0.011). n = 8 per group. e The experimental design of intracerebroventricular injection of 3-sulfinoalanine and defensive attack behavior test. f–h Latency of biting (t (14) = 0.238, P = 0.815, t test), Frequency of biting (t (14) = 0.646, P = 0.529, t test), and biting duration (t (14) = 0.226, P = 0.825, t test) after intracerebroventricular injection of 3-sulfinoalanine. n = 8 per group. Values are shown as mean ± standard error. * P < 0.05.

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