Fig. 5: Characterization of nano-COM and Ds activity assays. | Communications Biology

Fig. 5: Characterization of nano-COM and Ds activity assays.

From: Therapeutic potential of Desmodium styracifolium polysaccharide in attenuating nano-calcium oxalate induced renal injury and fibrosis

Fig. 5

A Scanning electron microscope images of CaOx crystals. B Diameter of the prepared crystals. C XRD spectra of the nano-COM crystals. D Effect of gradient Ds on the cell viability of HK-2 cells and NRK-52E cells. Data are mean ± SD, n = 5, one-way ANOVA. E Effect of gradient nano-COM on the cell viability of HK-2 cells. Data are mean ± SD, n = 3, one-way ANOVA. F Gradient Ds protects the cell viability of HK-2 cells. Data are mean ± SD, n = 6, one-way ANOVA. G Phase-contrast microscopy observation. Magnification is ×100, Scale bar = 200 μm. n = 3. H Transmission electron microscopy observation; red arrows indicate endocytosed crystals and blue arrows indicate mitochondria. Magnification is ×2000, Scale bar = 5 μm; ×7000, Scale bar = 2 μm. Compared with the Control Group, ** indicates p < 0.01, **** indicates p < 0.0001. Compared with the COM Group, #### indicates p < 0.0001.

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