Table 1 Overview of investigated solvents14,47,48,49

From: Liquid phase exfoliation of graphene using ammonia as an easy-to-remove additive in low-boiling organic-water co-solvent suspensions

Abbreviation

Name

Linear formula

Surface energy (mN·m-1)

Boiling point (°C)

TBA

tert-Butanol

(CH3)3COH

20.7

83

EtOH

Ethanol

CH3CH2OH

22.1

78

MeOH

Methanol

CH3OH

22.7

65

IPA

Isopropanol

(CH3)2CHOH

23.0

83

NPA

1-Propanol

CH3CH2CH2OH

23.7

97

AC

Acetone

CH3COCH3

25.2

56

THF

Tetrahydrofuran

(CH2)4O

26.4

66

ACN

Acetonitrile

CH3CN

29.0

82

EG

Ethylene glycol

HOCH2CH2OH

47.7

197

 

Water

H2O

72.8

100

DMF

N,N-Dimethylformamide

C3H7NO

37.1

153

NMP

1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-one

C5H9NO

40.1

203

  1. Note that none of the studied, low-boiling mixtures exhibits an increase of the boiling point compared to water (boiling point: 100 °C), as no mixture exhibits a negative azeotrope50,51. Also, all studied mixtures have boiling points lower than the typical benchmark solvents DMF (153 °C) and NMP (203 °C). See also Supplementary Table 1.
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