Fig. 5: Positron acceleration with a DMP in simulations.

Snapshots of the electron density distribution in (a–d), longitudinal accelerating and transverse focusing fields in (e–h) of the wake experienced by the positron bunch while using a DMP. i Evolution of the peak energy (black) and AES (blue) of the positron bunch. j The resulted energy spread and energy gain as a function of the beam charge for the GeV-energy positron acceleration.