Fig. 8: Rate effects in dissipation and damage.

a The energy dissipated due to irreversible rupture of permanent chains ΣUr as a function of the Weissenberg number for three levels of permanent bond fractions (black, blue, and red corresponding to p = 0.42, 0.58, 0.7 respectively). b The bulk energy dissipated due to reversible dissociation of dynamic bonds as a function of the Weissenberg number. c The normalized damage Σ/ΣLT versus Weissenberg number. The gray horizontal dashed line shows the Lake-Thomas threshold.