Fig. 4: Convective velocity and temperature distributions around the optical fibre module and bubble when the optical fibre module is centrally positioned in the observation microwell.

Convective velocity distribution around the optical fibre module and bubble a in the xy-plane; b in the yz-plane at x = 0 μm. Enlarged images in c xy-plane and d yz-plane. Here, the colour map indicates the convective velocity, and the white arrows indicate the in-plane components of the normalised convective velocity. Temperature distribution around the optical fibre module and bubble e in the xy-plane; f in the yz-plane at x = 0 μm. White contours indicate isothermal lines of 150, 100 and 50 °C from the fibre centre.