Extended Data Fig. 1: Effects of maternal exercise in dams.
6’SL in human participants (a) average activity during pregnancy, (b) average steps per day during pregnancy, and (c) BMI; N=139, data analyzed by Pearson’s correlation. (d) 6’SL in breastmilk from sedentary and exercise-trained chow-fed and high-fat fed dams. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (Sed Chow n=7; Train Chow n=7; Sed High-Fat n=6; Train High-Fat n=8). There was no difference in (e) citrate synthase of (f) hexokinase 2 (HK2) protein expression in tibialis anterior skeletal muscles of wild-type (WT) and 3’SL−/− exercise-trained dams (n=3/group). (g) ITT, and (g) ejection fraction in male offspring from sedentary or exercise-trained wild-type or 3’SL−/− dams, and (i) ITT in female offspring from sedentary or exercise-trained wild-type or 3’SL−/− dams. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (for males, WT Sed n=18, WT Train n=21, 3’SL−/− Sed n=9, 3’SL−/− Train n=9. For females, WT Sed n=24; WT Train n=22; 3’SL−/− Sed n=5; 3’SL−/− Train n=10). (j) Exercise capacity test in wild-type or 3’SL−/− male mice (n=6/group). Asterisks represent differences compared to WT (***P < 0.001). (k) GTT by lean mass and wild-type or 3’SL−/− male or female mice at 24 wks of age. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=6 WT males; n=7 WT females; n=15; 3’SL−/− males; n=8; 3’SL−/− females). Asterisks represent differences compared to WT of same gender (*P < 0.05). (l) Body weight; (m) fat mass; (n) lean mass; (o) glucose excursion curve; and (p) GTT AUC in 12-week-old male WT (n=13) or 3’SL-/- (n=5) mice placed on a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Asterisks represent differences compared to 3’SL-/- (*P < 0.05; **P<0.01). (q) Body weight, (r) fat mass, (s) glucose tolerance excursion curve, and (t) GTT AUC in female offspring from wild-type sedentary (n=22) or exercise-trained dams (n=22), 3’SL-/- sedentary dams (n=12), or 3’SL-/- sedentary dams cross-fostered to sedentary wild-type dams (3’SL-WT) (n=6). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Asterisks represent differences compared to WT Sedentary offspring (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001); and # represents differences compared to WT Trained offspring (###P<0.01). Two-way ANOVA was used for g,i,o, and s with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests; one-way ANOVA was used for d,h,q,r, and t, with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests; unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was used for e,f,j,k,l,m,n, and p.
