Extended Data Fig. 9: Gdf15 mRNA expression in cells treated with lysosomal stressors, and lysosomal stress in adipose tissues of obese mice and human subjects.
From: TFEB–GDF15 axis protects against obesity and insulin resistance as a lysosomal stress response
a, Quantification of nuclear TFEB in peritoneal macrophages treated with NH4Cl (20 μM), CQ (25 μM), BAF (50 nM) or ultrapure water (as vehicle) for 12 h (right). Representative immunofluorescence pictures are presented (left). Scale bars, 20 μm. b, Relative GDF15 (Gdf15) mRNA levels in BMDMs, HeLa, FaO and AML12 cells treated with CQ (25 μM) or NH4Cl (20 μM) for 12 h (n=3). c, Relative GDF15 mRNA levels in WT HeLa, TFEB-KO HeLa and TKO HeLa cells treated with NH4Cl (20 μM) for 12 h (n=3). d, Representative F4/80-GPNMB double immunofluorescence of eWAT from C57BL/6N mice fed chow diet or HFD. Scale bars, 20 μm. e, Relative GPNMB mRNA levels in VAT or SAT from lean subjects and obese subjects with or without T2DM (n=14-24). f, Representative CD68/GPNMB double immunohistochemistry in serial VAT or SAT sections from lean subjects and obese subjects with or without T2DM. Arrows indicate positive cells stained with each antibody. Scale bars, 100 μm. g, Relative Gpnmb mRNA levels in peritoneal macrophages treated with BSA or PA (400 μM) for 16 h (n=3). All data are shown as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (a,b,c,e) or two-tailed Student’s t-test (g).
