Fig. 1: Increased rate of new-onset hyperglycaemia in patients with COVID-19.
From: Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection
a, Glycometabolic abnormalities in a cohort of 551 patients with COVID-19 (acute COVID-19) at hospital admission. b, Glycaemic alterations for the hyperglycaemic group at 6 months follow-up from their hospital discharge (post COVID-19). c,d, Mean HbA1c levels and mean peak blood glucose levels were evaluated in patients with diabetes, new-onset hyperglycaemia and normoglycaemia. e, Survival rates of the three groups (diabetic, new-onset hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic) represented as time to clinical endpoint analysis, showing an increase in mortality in the diabetic group as compared to the hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic groups. f,g, Time to hospital discharge and clinical score at hospital admission in the three patient groups. h–j, Rate of oxygen requirement, ventilatory support and need for intensive care were also reported and compared in the diabetic, hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic groups; dark grey rectangles represent individuals with diabetes, light grey rectangles represent individuals with hyperglycaemia, and white rectangles represent individuals with normoglycaemia. k, Forest plots comparing the odds ratio of the clinical outcomes (oxygen support, ventilatory support and need for intensive care) between the hyperglycaemic and the normoglycaemic groups, after adjusting for age and sex. Bar plots in a and b represent the proportion of individuals with diabetes, hyperglycaemia and normoglycaemia. Scatterplots in c and d show the mean ± s.e.m., the error bars represent the s.e.m., and each dot represents an individual sample (diabetic (black; n = 146), hyperglycaemic (dark grey; n = 249) and normoglycaemic (light grey; n = 140)). Survival curve in e represents the proportions of individuals at risk who are still alive at regular intervals, up to 30 d from admission and stratified by glycaemic status ((diabetic (grey lines), hyperglycaemic (blue lines) and normoglycaemic (green lines)). Bar graphs in f and g show the mean ± s.e.m., and the error bars represent the s.e.m. (f: diabetic (black; n = 151), hyperglycaemic (dark grey; n = 253) and normoglycaemic (light grey; n = 147) groups; g: diabetic (dark grey bars; n = 144), hyperglycaemic (light grey bars; n = 247) and normoglycaemic (white bars; n = 140) groups. Stacked bar graphs in h–j represent proportions of patients requiring or not requiring oxygen support (diabetic, n = 146; hyperglycaemic, n = 221; normoglycaemic, n = 126), ventilatory support (diabetic, n = 146; hyperglycaemic, n = 219; normoglycaemic, n = 149), intensive care need (diabetic, n = 143; hyperglycaemic, n = 218; normoglycaemic, n = 128). Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test (e), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Holm–Sidak correction (c, d and f) or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s correction (g), two-sided Fisher’s/chi-squared test (h, i and j) and logistic multivariable regression (k) were used for statistical analysis. VS, ventilatory support; ICU, intensive care unit.
