Extended Data Fig. 7: A. muciniphila played a dominant role in contributing to increased levels of palmitoleic acid in mice.
(a) Representative total ion chromatograms (TICs) of metabolites profiles in culture supernatants of A. muciniphila by GC-TOF-MS-based metabolic analysis. Black arrowhead marks the identification of palmitoleic acid (CAS: 373-49-9). (b) Comparative KEGG pathway analyses of palmitoleic acid synthesis and degradation between A. muciniphila (marked with oval black dashed line) and B. vulgatus (marked with green solid line). The green box mark the presence of long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase for degrading/processing palmitoleic acid in B. vulgatus, and the gray box point the lack of presence (or at least lower level) of long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase in A. muciniphila. The solid green arrow mark the downstream metabolic pathways for degrading/processing palmitoleic acid in B. vulgatus, and the black dashed arrow point that no (or at least less) long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase to degrade/process palmitoleic acid in A. muciniphila. (c) Schematic diagram for palmitoleic acid biosynthesis pathway in A. muciniphila. (d) Genes involved in palmitoleic acid biosynthesis pathway in A. muciniphila and B. vulgatus, respectively. (e-f) The existences of genes involved in palmitoleic acid biosynthesis pathway in A. muciniphila and B. vulgatus were confirmed from the bacterial genome DNA and bacterial mRNA. (g) The qPCR-based analysis of fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) mRNA expression in fecal samples from M. tuberculosis-infected mice. (h) Genes involved in palmitoleic acid metabolism pathway in gut bacteria, which showed significantly different abundance between HC and TB. These bacteria includeAcinetobacter johnsonii (AJ), Lactobacillus mucosae (LM), Lactobacillus salivarius (LS), Clostridium innocuum (CI), Plesiomonas shigelloides (PS), Comamonas kerstersii (CK), Alistipes onderdonkii (AO), Lactobacillus ruminis (LR), Streptococcus anginosus (SA), Lactobacillus fermentum (LF), Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP), Bifidobacterium adolescentis (BA), Bacteroides uniformis (BU) and Bacteroides caccae (BC). (i-j)The relative abundance of A. muciniphila, A. johnsonii (AJ) and L. salivarius (LS) in stool samples, and palmitoleic acid concentrations in plasmaand fecal samples fromantibiotics-treated mice at the third day after bacteria gavage. N = 6 mice per group. Data are representative at least two biological replicates.Data are presented as mean + /- SD. P values were calculated by Student’s two-tailed unpaired t-test [(g) and (i)] and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (j).
