Fig. 1: Lactate induces cachectic phenotype.
From: Activation of GPR81 by lactate drives tumour-induced cachexia
a, Body weights of tumour-free (control) and LLC tumour-bearing (LLC-TB) mice after xenoplantation with LLC cells subcutaneously (n = 5 for each group). b, Tissue weights of iWAT and quadriceps of mice injected with LLC cells or PBS (n = 5 for each group). c, Volcano plot showing differential metabolites in the serum that were significantly increased (red) or decreased (blue) in the LLC-TB mice compared to control mice (n = 4 for each group). d, Body weights of KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+ mice after intranasal administration of control adenovirus (KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;null; n = 5) or adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase (KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;Cre; n = 4). e, Blood lactate levels of KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;null (n = 5) or KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;Cre mice (n = 4). f, Representative anatomical images of lung and iWAT from KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;null and KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+;Cre mice. Scale bars, 1 cm. g, Linear regression analysis showing the correlation between blood lactate level and percentage of body weight change in the KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53R172H/+ mice (n = 9). h, Linear regression analysis showing the correlation between serum lactate level and percentage of body weight change in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (n = 26). i, The serum lactate level in patients with lung adenocarcinoma before surgical removal of tumour (pre-OP) and 1 month after the operation (post-OP; n = 36). j–l, Blood lactate levels (j), body weight change (k) and weights of iWAT, gWAT, BAT and quadriceps (l) in the mice implanted with osmotic minipumps (n = 10 for each group). m–o, Blood lactate levels (m; day 2, 6, 8, n = 10; day 14, n = 6), body weight change (n; n = 5 for each group) and tissue weights (o; n = 5 for each group) in the mice implanted with osmotic minipumps. All data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. P values were determined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; a, d, e, j and m), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test (b, k and l) or two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (i, n and o). P values of the correlations were determined by two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis (g and h).
