Fig. 1: Elevated serum Lac-Phe in patients with T2D.
From: Metformin and feeding increase levels of the appetite-suppressing metabolite Lac-Phe in humans
a, Distribution of 33 non-diabetic (non-T2D), pre-diabetic (pre-T2D) and diabetic (T2D) participants in the Brigham and Women’s Hospital cohort study. b, Volcano plot comparing metabolomes of obese non-T2D (n = 11) and obese T2D (n = 8) individuals. Significantly upregulated (blue) and downregulated (red) metabolites are shown, and N-lactoyl amino acids are highlighted. c, Lac-Phe levels in non-T2D (n = 21), pre-T2D (n = 4) and T2D (n = 8) individuals (*P = 0.0198 and ****P < 0.0001; NS, non-significant). d, Spearmanʼs rank correlation between Lac-Phe and N-lactoyl-tyrosine (Lac-Tyr) in the total Brigham and Women’s Hospital cohort (n = 33). Graph shows mean linear regression with 95% confidence intervals. e, Lac-Phe in non-T2D (n = 5,876) and T2D (n = 162) individuals from the TwinsUK cohort (****P < 0.0001). Data are mean ± s.d. (c); violin plot with median (dashed line) plus maximum and minimum quartiles (dotted line) (e). Data were analysed using two-tailed Student’s t-test (b,e) or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post test (c). Brigham cohort, Brigham and Women’s Hospital cohort.
