Extended Data Fig. 4: B. vulgatus inhibits GLP-1 secretion and induces PCOS-like phenotype depended on intestinal epithelial FXR.
a, The expression levels of Fgf15 and Shp in intestinal epithelium. b, The levels of C4 in serum. c, FXR expression in siFXR STC-1 cells. d, The levels of total GLP-1 in the cellular supernatant. e, The relative expression of Gcg. f, The levels of total GLP-1 in the cellular supernatant. g, Luciferase activity. h, The expression levels of Tgr5 in GLUTag cells. i, The levels of total GLP-1 in the cellular supernatant. j, Relative fold change of total GLP-1 levels to vehicle. k, The expression levels of Fxr and downstream genes in the intestinal epithelium of Fxrfl/fl and FxrΔIE mice. l-q, FxrΔIE or Fxrfl/fl mice were gavaged with Bv or PBS for three weeks. l, Quantitative analysis of corpora lutea. m, Quantitative analysis of cystic follicles. n, AUC of GTT. o, The levels of fasting glucose in serum. p, The level of insulin in serum. q, HOMA-IR. All data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. (a, k-q) n = 5/group. (b) n = 20 in both control and PCOS group. (c, h) n = 3/group. (d-g, i, j) n = 4/group. In a, the P values were determined by two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test. In b, d, e, k, the P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. The P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison post hoc test in c, f, h, m, o-q; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 test in g and one-way ANOVA with LSD test in n. In i, j, l, the P values were determined by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test.
