Extended Data Fig. 2: Specific microbial metabolites are inversely associated with TC and LDL in the cohort.

a, The distribution of fecal 4HPAA concentration in 18 human samples. b-c, The association of six gut microbial metabolites with TC (b) or LDL (c). Multivariable linear regression was used, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol status, physical activity, education, income, and total energy intake (n = 822). Data are presented as beta coefficients with 95% confidence intervals. The statistical tests were two-sided. d, The changes of fecal 4HPAA concentration in mice after a seven-day 4HPAA intervention. n = 10 mice per group, statistical analysis was assessed by a two-tailed paired t-test. For d, the experiments were repeated twice independently with similar results.