Extended Data Fig. 3: Gastric emptying following an isocaloric test meal using a 13C-breath test.
From: Short-term effects of high-protein, lower-carbohydrate ultra-processed foods on human energy balance
Gastric emptying was assessed during 4 h following an isocaloric breakfast (porridge, 25 % of individual REE) on day 6 either with a high-protein content (HP-UPF, 30 % protein, 47 % carbohydrates, CHO, 18 % fat, 4 % fibre) or a normal-protein content (NP-UPF,13 % protein, 64 % CHO, 18 % fat, 4 % fibre) of ultra-processed foods (UPF). Percentage 13C-dose recovery per hour (a) was similar for HP-UPF and NP-UPF. Gastric half-emptying time (t1/2, b) was lower with HP-UPF compared to NP-UPF, whereas gastric lag time (tlag, c) was similar for both interventions and the gastric emptying coefficient (GEC, d) was higher for HP-UPF compared to NP-UPF. All box plots show the interquartile range with the 25 % (lower hinge), 50 % (centre line), and 75 % (upper hinge) quantiles. Whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values. For parametric data, the mean is displayed as +. Data in diagram are presented as mean ± SD (a). N = 20, p-values from paired two-sided t-tests. HPLC, high-protein, lower-carbohydrate diet; NPNC, normal-protein, normal-carbohydrate diet.
