Fig. 3: Fertilization in the cold season increases TEE of offspring in free-living conditions.
From: Pre-fertilization-origin preservation of brown fat-mediated energy expenditure in humans
a, Association of daily TEE measured by the DLW method with FFM, fat mass, step counts and physical activity level in Cohort 5 (n = 41). b, TEE adjusted for FFM and steps per day using an equation according to the multivariate regression analysis (model 1; Extended Data Fig. 6c) for predicting body size and physical activity-independent TEE of each participant. Warm birth group (n = 22) and cold birth group (n = 19) (left). Warm fertilization group (n = 20) and cold fertilization group (n = 21) (right). c, Univariate and multivariate regression analysis for estimating independent effects of birth and fertilization seasons on TEE. The warm and cold birth seasons were coded as 1 and 2, respectively. The warm and cold fertilization seasons were coded as 1 and 2, respectively. Model 2, R2 = 0.804, P < 0.001. Biologically independent samples (a–c). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and two-tailed P values (a). Data are mean ± s.e.m.; two-tailed P values by unpaired Student’s t-test (b). Data are correlation coefficient by univariate Pearson’s (for age, height, weight, FFM, fat mass, steps and physical activity) or Kendall’s rank correlation analysis (for sex and seasons) (c, left). Error bars indicate 95% CIs. Data are unstandardized β (middle) and standardized β (right) by multivariate regression model with backward stepwise method (model 2); two-tailed P values (middle and right). Error bars indicate 95% CIs.
