Fig. 3: Central ghrelin or leptin administration causes rapid changes in gut microbiota composition.
From: Rapid modulation of gut microbiota composition by hypothalamic circuits in mice
a, Schematic representation of the experimental outline for brain delivery of leptin and ghrelin. b,c, Microbial α-diversity (Shannon index) of gut microbiota from mice treated with ICV ghrelin (b) or leptin (c) at 2 or 4 h after treatment. Sample sizes in b: 2 h vehicle n = 9 per gut section; 2 h ghrelin n = 10 per gut section; 4 h vehicle and ghrelin n = 10 per gut section. Sample sizes in c: 2 h vehicle n = 8 per gut section; 2 h leptin n = 7 in the duodenum, jejunum and caecum, and n = 8 in the ileum; 4 h vehicle and leptin n = 8 in the duodenum, jejunum and caecum, and n = 7 in the ileum; 2 h (ileum, **q = 0.0036; caecum, *q = 0.0101); 4 h (duodenum, *q = 0.0152; jejunum, *q = 0.0269). All box plots display the range from the first to the third quartile (box) and the median (centre line), while the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA, followed by FDR adjustment. d, Heatmap representations from the ANCOM-BC analysis at the family level. Microbial taxa with statistically significant differences between control and treated group at 2 and 4 h after treatment in specific gut sections are shown. Data are represented by the effect size (log fold change). Stars indicate statistically significantly differences compared to the control group; q values for the differences depicted in the heatmaps are provided in Supplementary Table 1. e, Chord diagram where the width of the links represents the strength of the interaction between the treatment and the gut section in which the microbial changes are observed. AgRPact, activation of AgRP neurons; AgRPinh, inhibition of AgRP neurons; POMCact, activation of POMC neurons; POMCinh, inhibition of POMC neurons.
