Extended Data Fig. 2: Protein expression analysis.

Volcano plots illustrating the results of the differential expression analysis comparing untreated and lactate-treated (12 h a, 24 h b, and 48 h c) CD4 T cells. Each point on the plot represents a single protein. P values (adjusted for multiple testing) and corresponding log-fold changes (logFC) are shown. A significance level of adj. p-value = 0.05 is indicated as a horizontal red line. The logFC cutoffs are indicated as vertical lines. Proteins with a positive logFC had a higher abundance in lactate-treated samples, proteins with a negative value in untreated samples. Proteins indicated with green points feature a logFC > 1, while not reaching the significance threshold. (d) Individual array values for a set of differential proteins in untreated and lactate-treated (12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) CD4 T cells. Each sample is measured by four replicate spots per array. For analysis of the samples a one-factorial linear model was fitted with LIMMA resulting in a two-sided t-test. Data are presented as mean values +/- SD (*p < 0.05, n = 3 biological replicates).