Fig. 5: Loss of protein zonation patterns in human desmoplastic liver.

a, Zonation coefficients in healthy and desmoplastic liver samples. Dotted line indicates theoretical unchanged zonation coefficients; solid line shows observed relationship as a linear regression line. b, Absolute differences in zonation coefficients between healthy and desmoplastic tissue. Only strongly zonated proteins (|zonation coefficient| > 1 and Q < 0.05) from healthy are analysed (n = 171). Proteins with significant zonation loss are highlighted and colour-coded by their original spatial enrichment. Their zonation coefficients were compared by Wald test (absolute zonation coefficient difference > 1 and Q < 0.05). c, Protein expression heatmap (Z-scored) from significant proteins in b in the healthy and desmoplasia cohorts. Twenty equal-width spatial bins from central (spatial ratio S = 0) to portal (spatial ratio S = 1) are shown. d, Expression profiles of the four proteins with the strongest absolute zonation coefficient difference. LOWESS smoothing curves (fraction = 0.4) are shown, with solid lines indicating the healthy and dotted lines the desmoplasia cohort. e, Immunofluorescence staining of portal vein (top; orange; AMDHD1)- and central vein (bottom; purple; UGT2B7)-associated protein in healthy (left; individual 12) and desmoplasia (right; individual 16) tissue. Phalloidin (white) and DAPI (cyan) label actin (cell boundaries) and nuclei, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, only proteins at 70% data completeness are included (healthy: n = 1,741, N = 14; desmoplasia: n = 1,684, N = 4). All panels within each row are at the same magnification.