Extended Data Fig. 3: Rice yield with rice straw and biochar amendments over 8 years.
CK, control treatment, no rice straw, and biochar incorporation. RS, rice straw application at 8 Mg ha-1 annually; HS, rice straw biochar application at 22.5 Mg ha-1 only in the first year; AL, rice straw biochar application at 2.8 Mg ha-1 annually. The letters above bars denote significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between different treatments for each year in a one-sided comparison. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM to account for variability within the replicates (n = 3). The bars show standard error. The letters above bars denote significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments for each year in one-way ANOVA. Post-hoc comparisons were conducted using the LSD test to determine specific group differences. There is no interaction between the year and the treatment.
