Fig. 1: CONSORT diagram.

CONSORT diagram illustrating the enrolled cohort, detailing the different participant subgroups and sample collections at various time points, including baseline, postoperative and relapse stages. The discovery cohort is divided into relapse and nonrelapse participants, with associated tumor tissue and plasma samples analyzed for molecular characterization. PDOs were included as models on the basis of their molecular similarity to the discovery cohort. The validation cohort follows a similar structure, serving to confirm findings from the discovery cohort. The diagram also highlights the clinical inquiries addressed in the study.