Extended Data Fig. 1: Dysregulated tRNA modifiers and TRMT6 upregulation in CRC.

(a) Heatmaps showing differentially expressed tRNA-modifying genes between tumor and normal samples. The mRNA expression level of collected tRNA-modifying genes was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. The Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database was also used to analyze the protein levels of these genes (some genes were not found in this database). Each color represents differential gene expression: red represents higher expression in the tumor sample compared with that in the normal sample. The blue box denotes de-modified enzymes, and the others are write-modifying enzymes. (b) TRMT6 mRNA expression and DNA copy number status were evaluated in 590 primary CRC samples from the TCGA CRC database. The analysis revealed that 45.25% (267 of 590) of the samples had TRMT6 copy number gain/amplification as determined by putative copy-number alterations from GISTIC. (c) The correlation between TRMT6 mRNA expression and copy number variation according to two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis (n = 590, r = 0.78, p < 0.0001). The data were collected from the TCGA CRC cohort. (d) Overview and partially enlarged images of TRMT6 protein staining in colorectal normal tissues and CRC tissues using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The staining was performed on two independent tissue microarrays, CRC cohort 1 and CRC cohort 2. The scale bar of enlarged images represents 100 μm.