Table 1 Key performance parameters of nanofibers used as air-filtration membranes

OPAN/PVP/SnO₂ nanofiber membrane

• High filtration efficiency (PM_0.3: 99.53%, PM_2.5: 99.98%)

• High-temperature tolerance (up to 350 °C)

• Wide pH tolerance (1–14)

• Excellent fire-retarding and self-extinguishing properties

High-temperature PM filtration

²⁷

Electrospun PAN nanofiber membrane (well-ordered structure)

• High filtration efficiency (94.83–99.60%)

• Low-pressure drop (33–98 Pa)

• Well-ordered pore structure

Air filtration

³¹

PSA/PAN-B composite nanofiber

• High filtration efficiency (99.52%)

• Low-pressure drop (45.16 Pa)

• Excellent flexibility

• Good mechanical properties

• High thermal stability (up to 300 °C)

• Superior chemical resistance

• Robust PM_2.5 purification capacity

• Maintains performance after high-temperature, acid, or alkali treatment

Air filtration, especially in harsh environments

²⁵⁰

PI nanofiber filter (wrinkled porous structure)

• High filtration efficiency (PM_0.3: 99.99%, PM_0.3 at 280 °C: 95.55%)

• Low pressure drop (43.35 Pa)

• High specific surface area (304.77 m²·g⁻¹)

• High-temperature resistance

High-temperature air filtration, industrial applications

²⁵¹

M-PASS composite filter (sandwich-structure)

• High filtration efficiency (99.97%)

• Low air resistance (44.3 Pa)

• Excellent QF (0.19 Pa⁻¹)

• High mechanical strength (7.0 MPa)

• High-temperature resistance (95.2% at 200 °C)

PM removal, especially under high-temperature conditions

²⁵²

PVA@EC composite nanofiber membrane

• High filtration efficiency (PM₁: 99.74%, PM_2.5: 99.77%)

• Low-pressure drop (168.1 Pa)

• High QF (PM₁: 0.0351 Pa⁻¹, PM_2.5: 0.0358 Pa⁻¹)

• High humidity resistance

Air filtration in high-humidity environments

²⁵⁹

PAN-ZIF-8 multilayer membrane

• High filtration efficiency (PM_0.3: 99.97%, others: ≧99.99%)

• Low-pressure drop (80.1 Pa)

• Good directional moisture transport (water vapor transmission: 10.56 kg·m⁻²d⁻¹)

• High-performance respirator material

Respiratory protection, air filtration

²⁶⁰

PEI/ZIF-67 nanofibrous membrane

• High filtration efficiency (PM_2.5: 98.68%, PM₁₀: 99.09%)

• High temperature resistance (200 °C)

• High humidity resistance (90 RH%)

• Enhanced surface roughness

• Strengthened electrostatic interaction

Air filtration under high temperature and humidity conditions

²⁶²

Polyimide nanofiber membrane (sandwiched between carbon fabrics)

• High filtration efficiency (PM_2.5: 99.99%)

• Low pressure drop (251.86 Pa)

• Reusable (back air flush)

• Heat-resistant (260 °C, 300 °C)

• Maintains tensile strength

Hot-gas filtration, PM_2.5 capture

²⁶³

Ultrafine PTFE porous fibrous membrane (UPPFM)

• High filtration efficiency (99.72%)

• Ultralow air resistance (89.9 Pa)

• Excellent heat stability

• Reusable

High-temperature air filtration

²⁶⁷

PTFE nanofiber–coated PG filter

• High PM collection efficiency (PM_1.0: 1.13 times higher than PG filter at 280 °C)

• Enhanced adhesion between nanofibers and PTFE foam

• Low-pressure drop

High-temperature air filtration

²⁷⁸

PVDF nanofiber membrane (ferroelectric β phase)

• High filtration efficiency (PM_0.3: 97.40%)

• Low-pressure drop (51 Pa)

• Excellent thermal and chemical stability

• Ferroelectric dipole interaction

Air filtration

²⁸⁴

PAN/PI composite nanofiber aerogel

• Excellent sound absorption (noise reduction coefficient (NRC): 0.398, sound absorption coefficient (SAC): 0.913)

• Excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus: 12.42 kPa, stress loss: 3.64%, energy loss: 0.203)

• Good air filtration (PM_2.5: 97.2% with QF: 0.0396 Pa⁻¹; PM₁₀: 99.4% with QF: 0.0567 Pa⁻¹)

• Good thermal insulation (thermal conductivity: 0.036 W·(m⋅K)⁻¹

Noise reduction, air filtration, thermal insulation

²⁸⁵

HNTs-ZnO/PCL nanofiber membrane

• High antibacterial efficiency (S. aureus: 97.9%, E. coli: 95.9%)

• High PM filtration efficiency

• Enhanced mechanical strength

Antibacterial face mask filter layer

²⁸⁶

SiO₂ membrane (monodisperse fibers, flexible quartz crystalline phase)

• High filtration efficiency (MPPS: 0.9957, PM_0.3: 0.9988)

• Low pressure drop (271.5 Pa)

• High QF (MPPS: 0.020 Pa⁻¹, PM_0.3: 0.025 Pa⁻¹)

• Excellent thermal stability (up to 1000 °C)

• Scalable fabrication process (2000 m²)

High-temperature air filtration

²⁸⁹

Mullite fiber porous ceramic filter (MFPCF)

• High filtration efficiency (PM_2.5: 98.85%, PM_10–2.5: 99.61%)

• Low-pressure drop (180 Pa)

• Low density (0.58 g·cm⁻³)

• High porosity (78.11%)

• High compressive strength (1.79 MPa)

• Low thermal conductivity (0.095 W·(m·K)⁻¹)

High-temperature gas filtration

²⁹⁰