Table 2 Summary of measurement location, time period, technique and concentrations of particle-phase amines in diverse locations
From: Atmospheric amines are a crucial yet missing link in Earth’s climate via airborne aerosol production
Location | Type | Lat. (deg.) | Lon. (deg.) | Time Period | Technique (particle range) | Concentrations (ng m−3) | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMA | DMA | TMA | EA | DEA | TEA | ΣAmines | |||||||
Hyytiälä, Finland | Forest | 61.51 | 24.17 | Mar–Dec 2015 | MARGA-MS (PM10) | <2.4–61.2 | <3.1–55.5 | Hemmilä et al.70 | |||||
Egbert, Canada | Agriculture | 44.23 | −79.78 | Oct–Nov 2010 | AIM-IC (PM2.5) | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 1 ± 0.6& | VandenBoer et al.65 | |||||
Antarctic Peninsula | Ship | -60.0 | −45.0 | Jan–Feb 2015 | ATOFMS (PM2.5) | 2 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | Dall’Osto et al.116 | ||||
North Atlantic Ocean | Ship | 40.0 | −40.0 | Jun–Sep 1998 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 7.6 | Gorzelska & Galloway114 | ||||||
Yellow Sea & Bohai Sea, China | Ship | 35.49 | 123.79 | May 2012 | IC (PM10) | 198.4 | 425.9 | Hu et al.212 | |||||
Aug 2015 | IC (PM10) | 23.44 ± 12.62 | 17.73 ± 5.9 | Xie et al.213 | |||||||||
South Yellow Sea, China | Ship | 34.79 | 123.72 | Aug 2015 | IC (PM10) | 41.9 ± 7.2 | 44.9 ± 7.1 | Yu et al.214 | |||||
Arabian Sea | Ship | 12.25 | 64.33 | Aug–Oct 1994 | FIGD-IC (PM1.0) | 10.8 | 0.47 | Gibb et al.50 | |||||
Mace Head, Ireland | Coastal | 53.32 | −9.90 | Apr–Sep 2006 | IC (PM1.0) | 9.91 | Facchini et al.51 | ||||||
Finokalia, Greece | Coastal | 35.4 | 26.0 | 2005–06 | IC (PM1.0) | 9.01 | Violaki & Mihalopoulos215 | ||||||
Sao Vicente Island, North Atlantic | Coastal | 16.86 | −24.86 | Dec 2007 | IC (PM10) | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.06 | Müller et al.142 | ||||
Nov 2011, 2013 | IC (PM1.0) | 0.2 | 5.6 | 3.9 | van Pinxteren et al.52 | ||||||||
East China Sea, China | Ship | 30.39 | 125.91 | Jun 2016 | IC (PM10) | 30.20 ± 9.46 | 11.82 ± 6.5 | Xie et al.213 | |||||
Apr–May 2018 | AIM-IC (PM2.5) | <4 to 100 | <2 to 21 | Chen et al.216 | |||||||||
Huaniao Island, China | Coastal | 30.85 | 122.69 | Jan 2013 | PHLC/FLD (PM2.5) | 4.76 | 0.82 | Huang et al.217 | |||||
Marina, California, USA | Ship | 37.5 | −123.0 | Jul–Aug 2012 | IC (PM1.0) | 2.3–70.3 | Youn et al.28 | ||||||
Jeju Island, South Korea | Coastal | 32.48 | 126.26 | Mar–Apr 2001 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 13.5 | 3.1 | 19.6 | Yang et al.218 | ||||
Chongming Island, China | Coastal | 31.73 | 121.21 | May–Aug 2018 | IC (PM2.5) | 15.0 ± 15.0 | 6.3 ± 6.9 | 20.4 ± 30.1 | 4.0 ± 5.9 | Du et al.219 | |||
Qingdao, China | Coastal | 36.34 | 120.67 | Nov–Dec 2019 | UHPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 6.9 ± 2.0 | 86.3 ± 20.2 | 5.9 ± 4.8 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 8.7 ± 3.9 | 132.9 ± 31.3 | Liu et al.72 | |
Jan–Feb 2019 | UHPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 58.7 ± 25.8 | 10.9 ± 8.0 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 8.4 ± 4.4 | 130.7 ± 51.9 | Liu et al.72 | |||||
Dec 2019 | AIM-IC (PM2.5) | 65 ± 68 | 280 ± 180 | Chen et al.73 | |||||||||
Wangdu, China | Rural | 38.71 | 115.16 | Dec 2018–Jan 2019 | IC (PM2.5) | <4 to 100 | <2 to 21 | 206 ± 292** | Feng et al.220 | ||||
Kobe, Japan | Roadside | 34.69 | 135.19 | Oct 1998 | GC-MS (PM10) | 1.34 | 3.82 | 0.11 | Suzuki et al.221 | ||||
Qingdao, China | Urban | 36.18 | 120.58 | May–Jun 2013 | IC (PM10) | 4.95 | 5.20 | Hu et al.212 | |||||
Nanjing, China | Urban | 32.06 | 118.77 | Feb 2001 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 19.0 | 8.7 | 33.5 | Yang et al.222 | ||||
Guangzhou, China | Urban | 23.12 | 113.25 | Sep–Oct 2014 | GC-MS (PM10) | 51.8 ± 13.9 | 19.0 ± 3.80 | 4.19 ± 0.56 | 5.41 ± 1.59 | 108.7 ± 21.6 | Liu et al.223 | ||
Xi’an, China | Urban | 34.25 | 108.97 | 2008–2009 | HPLC (PM2.5) | 20.28 | 2.23 | Ho et al.224 | |||||
Jan–Feb 2013 | HPLC (PM2.5) | 24.7 ± 9.7 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 105.3 ± 41 | Ho et al.225 | ||||||
Tampa, FL, USA | Urban | 27.78 | -82.54 | Jul–Sep 2005 | IC (PM2.5) | 31.11 ± 27.9 | Calderón et al.226 | ||||||
Beijing, China | Urban | 39.90 | 116.41 | Jan–Feb 2013 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 31.0 ± 10.8 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 14.8 ± 6.5 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 133.2 ± 52.8 | Ho et al.225 | ||
Xiamen, China | Urban | 24.47 | 118.08 | Jan–Feb 2013 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 10.2 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 53.7 ± 13.2 | Ho et al.225 | ||
Hong Kong, China | Urban | 22.31 | 114.16 | Jan–Feb 2013 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 45.7 ± 9.8 | Ho et al.225 | ||
Shanghai, China | Urban | 31.30 | 121.5 | Jul–Aug 2013 | IC (PM1.0) | 7.7 ± 5.0 | 13.4 ± 6.5 | 9.7 ± 12.7 | Tao et al.53 | ||||
2013–2014 | IC (PM2.5) | 15.56 | 16.0 | Zhou et al.227* | |||||||||
Zonguldak, Turkey | Urban | 41.31 | 31.85 | Oct 2006–Apr 2007 | GC-MS (PM2.5) | 4.48 ± 1.75 | 4.58 ± 2.28 | 4.37 ± 2.27 | 4.11 ± 1.75 | Akyüz205 | |||
Mar–Sep 2007 | GC-MS (PM2.5) | 2.33 ± 1.30 | 2.79 ± 1.55 | 0.19 ± 1.13 | 2.82 ± 1.76 | Akyüz205 | |||||||
Yangzhou, China | Urban | 32.38 | 119.4 | Apr–Nov 2016 | HPLC-MS (PM2.5) | 1.42 ± 1.34 | 3.62 ± 3.94 | 12.6 ± 10.5 | Cheng et al.228 | ||||
Toronto, ON, Canada | Urban | 43.66 | −79.39 | Jun–Jul 2009 | AIM-IC (PM1.8) | <LOD-16& | VandenBoer et al.54 | ||||||
Tucson, AZ, USA | Urban | 32.22 | −110.9 | Jul 2012–Jun 2013 | IC (PM1.0) | 9.3–20.5 | Youn et al.28 | ||||||
Newfoundland, Canada | Wildfire | 53.13 | −57.66 | Jul 2013 | IC (PM2.5) | 9 ± 7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | Place et al.229 | ||||
