Fig. 4: Schematic diagrams illustrating δ18Op variations across timescales in the EAM region. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Schematic diagrams illustrating δ18Op variations across timescales in the EAM region.

From: Precipitation oxygen isotope variability across timescales in East Asia records two sub-processes of summer monsoon system

Fig. 4

a Seasonal timescale. In summer, the monsoon carries remote IO moisture to S. China, depleting δ18Op in this region. In winter, westerly winds bring remote AO moisture to N. China, depleting δ18Op here. b Millennial timescales. During HS1, a weakened Indian summer monsoon increases transport of nearby IO moisture (e.g., the Bay of Bengal) to the EAM region. Reduced enroute depletion enriches δ18Op across the EAM region. c Orbital timescales. During Pmin, intensified insolation enhances remote PO moisture transport to the EAM region, depleting δ18Op across the EAM region. Notably, the remote IO also contributes to the depleted δ18Op in N. China but not in S. China due to reduced IO contribution there. Blue shading in each panel represents δ18Op depletion while red shading represents δ18Op enrichment. PO the Pacific Ocean, IO the Indian Ocean, AO the Atlantic Ocean. HS1 the Heinrich Stadial 1 (15.5 ka BP). LGM the Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka BP). Pmin Precessional minimum (127 ka BP). Pmax Precessional maximum (116 ka BP).

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