Fig. 2: Global mean surface air temperatures (GMST) for all simulations.
From: Polar wander leads to large differences in past climate reconstructions
The hybrid moving hotspot mantle reference frame21 is shown in yellow, and the pure paleomagnetic frame23 in purple, with variability in GMST due to re-gridding (0.15 °C) shown as error bars (see text). The values from a kinematically optimised mantle frame from Müller et al.2 are indicated by the dotted yellow line. Values for the paleomagnetic and mantle frames described in Torsvik et al.22 are represented by the grey dashed and dotted lines, respectively (see Online Methods). Also shown are GMSTs from similar studies that simulated climate over >100 Myr time series with constant atmospheric CO2 and constant solar forcing26,27,28.
