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River temperature response to atmospheric heatwaves is modulated by discharge and meltwater
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  • Published: 19 February 2026

River temperature response to atmospheric heatwaves is modulated by discharge and meltwater

  • Amber van Hamel  ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0000-5463-56321,2,3,
  • Joren Janzing1,2,3 &
  • Manuela Irene Brunner  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8824-877X1,2,3 

Communications Earth & Environment , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Freshwater ecology
  • Hydrology

Abstract

Alpine rivers are becoming increasingly exposed to atmospheric heatwaves. Because of their strong relationship with air temperature, rivers can experience persistent heat anomalies, known as riverine heatwaves, which can have serious consequences for river ecosystems and the economy. This study aims to improve our understanding of how river water temperature responds to atmospheric heatwaves by focusing on the interplay of various hydro-climatic variables that can strengthen or weaken the thermal sensitivity of rivers to such events. Our results show that the response of water temperature to atmospheric heatwaves can vary substantially, with only 47% of atmospheric heatwaves leading to riverine heatwaves. Riverine heatwave development can be prevented by positive anomalies in discharge and meltwater, while negative anomalies in discharge strengthen the link between atmospheric and river temperatures. Future changes in these hydro-climatic conditions will likely increase the sensitivity of Alpine rivers to atmospheric heatwaves.

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Data availability

The shapefiles of all catchments, including static catchment characteristics, annual regime data and event data are available through HydroShare according to the FAIR data sharing principles: van Hamel, A. (2025)84.

Code availability

A python notebook to generate the figures that are provided in this manuscript and in the Supplementary information is available through HydroShare: van Hamel, A. (2025)84.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment and the Austrian Hydrographic Service for data provision.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland

    Amber van Hamel, Joren Janzing & Manuela Irene Brunner

  2. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Amber van Hamel, Joren Janzing & Manuela Irene Brunner

  3. Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland

    Amber van Hamel, Joren Janzing & Manuela Irene Brunner

Authors
  1. Amber van Hamel
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  2. Joren Janzing
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  3. Manuela Irene Brunner
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A.v.H.: conceptualization, formal analyses, writing first draft of manuscript. J.J.: data generation and curation, revision and editing of manuscript. M.B.: conceptualization, revision and editing of manuscript, supervision.

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Correspondence to Manuela Irene Brunner.

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van Hamel, A., Janzing, J. & Brunner, M.I. River temperature response to atmospheric heatwaves is modulated by discharge and meltwater. Commun Earth Environ (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03269-6

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  • Received: 15 September 2025

  • Accepted: 26 January 2026

  • Published: 19 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03269-6

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