Extended Data Fig. 3: Flowchart of the proposed memristor-based in-memory direct signal mapping method.

Steps in white boxes were performed in software, steps in the blue boxes were performed in hardware, and steps in yellow boxes were performed in software, while it can be integrated with the memristor chip in the future. a, Reference data preprocessing was carried out in software, while matrix multiplication for LSH seeds was implemented on the chip. Subsequent subtraction and Heaviside function operations were performed in software using the chip’s ADC outputs; however, future implementations could integrate comparators between adjacent columns to perform this step in hardware. b, Low-cost input data preprocessing was performed in software, and matrix multiplication for LSH and search was performed in hardware. Subtraction, Heaviside and sense amplifier (comparator) operations were processed in software using the ADC outputs from the chip, though future designs may integrate these functions directly on-chip.