Fig. 5: Analysis of various cytokine levels from children with different causes of AFI.
From: Iron homeostasis and cytokine responses in Gabonese children with febrile illness
Serum concentrations of a TNF-α, (b) IL-10, (c) TNF-α:IL-10 ratio, (d) IL-6, (e) IFN-γ, and f IL-4 were measured children with bacterial or non-bacterial infection (B/NB, red), malaria without co-infections (Malaria, light blue), malaria with bacterial or non-bacterial co-infections (Malaria + B/NB, green), and undetermined cause of infection (Undetermined, dark blue). Black dots and lines indicate group median and group interquartile range, respectively. P values were determined using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney post hoc testing with Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons. Significance levels were defined as follows, ns: padj > 0.05; *: padj ≤ 0.05; **: padj ≤ 0.01; ***: padj ≤ 0.001; ****: padj ≤ 0.0001. Only statistically significant differences from the post-hoc analysis are shown. Scales in a–f are adjusted to accurately display datapoints up to the 95th percentile. There are no established reference values currently available for these cytokine assays. Abbreviations: AFI acute febrile illness, B/NB bacterial/non-bacterial, IL interleukin, IFN-γ interferon-γ, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α.
