Fig. 4: Complexity of infection, genetic diversity, and population structure of P. falciparum in Ethiopia.
From: Rising prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin partial resistance mutations in Ethiopia
a Complexity of infections for P. falciparum at the regional level. Colors indicate regions, and black dots inside violin plots indicate median COI. b PCA plot of P. falciparum isolates (n = 855) at the regional level. Colors indicate the geography of sample origins, and shapes indicate k13 R622I mutation status. Each diamond or dot indicates individual parasites. The percentage of variance explained by each PCA is presented in each plot. c Nucleotide diversity (π) across different populations based on SNP minor allele frequency (MAF). Parasites from Gambella exhibit the highest SNP π values, indicating greater genetic diversity compared to other populations. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean nucleotide diversity for each population. d Pairwise differentiation of parasite populations across five regions: Amhara, Gambella, Oromia, SNNP, and Somali. The color intensity indicates the degree of differentiation, with darker shades representing higher differentiation. COI complexity of infection, PCA principal component analysis, k13 kelch13 gene, SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism, MAF minor allele frequency, π nucleotide diversity, SNNP Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region.
