Fig. 1: Spatial distributions of average and anomalous temperature level from 1998 to 2019, and the analyzed samples, across the 56 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

In (a), the color of pixels shows the distribution of long-term average temperature respectively, and its transparency shows the corresponding size of population at exposure (i.e., under-5 children). In (b), the color of pixels shows the distribution of average monthly temperature anomalies by positive and negative changes. c, d Display spatial distribution of the analyzed samples of under-5 children from 56 LMICs, for the multicenter design and the siblings-matched design. PER Peru, NGA Nigeria, IND India, and IDN Indonesia.