Fig. 3: The integration of cortical and subcortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) with structural and functional connectome mapping unveils function specific wiring diagrams.

a Semi-automated bundles segmentation revealed striking overlaps and the presence of several integration points across semantics, phonology, and speech articulation. We observed a pronounced presence of integrative transversal white matter pathways (blue) connecting ventral (green) and dorsal (red) portions of the brain. b We mapped shared streamlines termination points both within connectional subdivisions (left panels) and between functional categories (right panel). We found integration points in the left inferior frontal gyrus, left ventral premotor cortex, left temporo-parietal junction, and to a lesser extent in the left middle temporal gyrus and left supplementary motor area, highlighting the distributed, integrated, and redundant nature of the neural substrate underlying language production.