Fig. 9: Snapshots of guidewire navigation in a coated and uncoated cerebrovascular and cardiovascular phantom.

a Guidewire reaches the target in 40 s in the coated cerebrovascular phantom, while in the uncoated phantom, it is still far from the target at 40 s and experiences buckling due to high friction. b Guidewire reaches the target in 40 s in the coated cardiovascular phantom and experiences buckling at 30 s and 40 s and fails to reach the target in 40 s.