The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 allows bioengineered models in drug testing, including benchtop testing and computational models. These alternatives to animal testing may particularly advance drug discovery in reproductive and pregnancy research.
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Innovations in skin microphysiological systems for nonclinical testing and FDA modernization
Microsystems & Nanoengineering Open Access 28 January 2026
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Acknowledgements
This paper was funded by the T32 Clinical Outcomes Research Training Program in Female Lower Urinary Tract Disorders, US National Institutes of Health grant T32DK120497 (S.G.Z.). The authors would also like to acknowledge a US National Institutes of Health T32 Postdoctoral Training Grant in Regenerative Medicine (T32EB028092) for additional research support (A.K.S.).
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S.G.Z., A.K.S. and M.L.O., conceptualization, visualization and writing (original draft, review and editing).
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S.G.Z. and A.K.S. report financial support provided by the US National Institutes of Health. M.L.O. reports financial support provided by Wellcome Leap in Utero.
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Zambuto, S.G., Scott, A.K. & Oyen, M.L. FDA Modernization Act 2.0 and reproductive research. Nat Rev Bioeng 2, 984–986 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-024-00252-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-024-00252-8
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Innovations in skin microphysiological systems for nonclinical testing and FDA modernization
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