Table 1 Linear mixed model results for (a) linear and (b) quadratic effects of acute stress on children’s error rate

From: Witnessing their mother’s acute and prolonged stress affects executive functioning in children

	Subjective stress						Heart rate						Cortisol
	β	SE	CI_lower	CI_upper	t-value	p-value	β	SE	CI_lower	CI_upper	t-value	p-value	β	SE	CI_lower	CI_upper	t-value	p-value
(a)
Intercept	0.13	0.02	0.08	0.17	5.66	< 0.001	0.13	0.02	0.08	0.17	5.9	< 0.001	0.15	0.02	0.11	0.19	6.96	< 0.001
Age	−0.06	0.01	−0.08	−0.03	−4.81	< 0.001	−0.06	0.01	−0.08	−0.04	−4.79	< 0.001	−0.06	0.01	−0.09	−0.04	−5.74	< 0.001
Sex	−0.05	0.02	−0.1	0	−2.04	0.042	−0.05	0.02	−0.1	−0.01	−2.21	0.028	−0.06	0.02	−0.1	−0.02	−2.84	0.005
CTI	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001
Switch	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001
Condition	0.02	0.03	−0.03	0.08	0.81	0.418	0.03	0.03	−0.02	0.08	0.98	0.327	−0.01	0.03	−0.06	0.04	−0.35	0.73
Child AUC_i	0	0.01	−0.03	0.03	−0.26	0.798	−0.01	0.01	−0.04	0.01	−1.15	0.25	0.02	0.01	0	0.04	1.81	0.071
Mother AUC_i	0.01	0.01	−0.02	0.04	0.91	0.365	0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.04	1.07	0.287	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.07	3.35	0.001
Child*mother AUC_i	−0.01	0.01	−0.04	0.01	−1.25	0.213	0	0.01	−0.02	0.01	−0.46	0.648	0	0.01	−0.02	0.02	0.11	0.914
(b)
Intercept	0.11	0.02	0.07	0.14	5.46	< 0.001	0.1	0.02	0.05	0.15	4.13	< 0.001	0.11	0.03	0.06	0.17	4.32	< 0.001
Age	−0.05	0.01	−0.07	−0.03	−5.04	< 0.001	−0.06	0.01	−0.09	−0.04	−4.87	< 0.001	−0.06	0.01	−0.08	−0.04	−5.87	< 0.001
Sex	−0.06	0.02	−0.1	−0.02	−2.79	0.006	−0.05	0.02	−0.09	0	−1.97	0.05	−0.05	0.02	−0.1	−0.01	−2.44	0.015
CTI	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	3.32	0.001
Switch	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.09	10.68	< 0.001
Condition	−0.01	0.03	−0.06	0.04	−0.24	0.808	0.03	0.03	−0.02	0.08	1.04	0.3	0.01	0.03	−0.04	0.06	0.33	0.74
Child AUC_i	0	0.01	−0.03	0.02	−0.4	0.691	−0.02	0.01	−0.04	0.01	−1.3	0.194	0.03	0.01	0	0.05	2.25	0.025
Mother AUC_i	0.03	0.01	0	0.05	1.78	0.076	0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.04	0.89	0.376	0.02	0.02	−0.01	0.05	1.47	0.143
Child AUC_i²	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	3.58	< 0.001	0	0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.24	0.812	0	0.01	−0.02	0.02	−0.08	0.936
Mother AUC_i²	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	3.31	0.001	0.02	0.01	0	0.04	2.13	0.034	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.04	2.55	0.011
Child*mother AUC_i	0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.03	0.62	0.537	−0.01	0.01	−0.03	0.01	−0.96	0.337	−0.01	0.01	−0.03	0.02	−0.6	0.548

All numeric predictors were scaled prior to analysis. The β-values represent the standardized fixed effects predicting children’s error rate in the category-switching task (Mayr & Kliegl, ⁶⁰). Fixed effects of interest include the AUC_is (Area Under the Curve with respect to increase) of children’s and mothers’ stress markers. Standard errors (SE), 95% confidence intervals (CI), t-values, and p-values are reported. All values were obtained using bootstrapping with 1000 iterations. Random intercepts were specified for participants. Results reaching the significance threshold of p < 0.05 were marked in bold.

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Table 1 Linear mixed model results for (a) linear and (b) quadratic effects of acute stress on children’s error rate

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