Fig. 4: Effect of ramping the HB process for ammonia production with solar or wind energy.
a,b, LCOA with solar (a) and wind (b) energy and optimal ramping of the HB process between 60% and 100% capacity. c,d, Average cost of utilizing energy at the optimal percent utilization (LCOUu=opt) for samples of ten locations of solar (c) or wind (d) energy as a function of the minimum operating capacity and category of energy supply at a location. The best solar/wind locations are in the lowest 10% of the LCOA without ramping and the average solar/wind locations are in the 45th–55th percentile of the LCOA without ramping.
