Fig. 6: Cost and value of utilizing energy for ammonia production compared with electricity grid prices.
a, Location in Spain (38.5° N, 1.5° W) in the lowest 10% of the LCOA with solar. b, Location in Norway (62.5° N, 10.5° E; bidding zone 1) in the lowest 10% of the LCOA with wind. c, Location in Germany (52° N, 11° E) in the 45th–55th percentile of the LCOA with solar. d, Location in Germany (52° N, 10° E) in the 45th–55th percentile of the LCOA with wind. The average hourly DAM price is from the most recent calendar year (Oct 2023 to Nov 2024)50. The price of solar or wind energy on the DAM is calculated by weighting the DAM prices by the amount of solar or wind energy produced at any time. The value generated by utilizing energy to produce ammonia (LVOUu=opt), the value of curtailed energy (LVOUs=opt→100) and the cost of producing off-grid energy (LAECu=optINT) are shown with respect to each month averaged over the six years analyzed.
