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  • Perspective
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Microdisplay technologies in augmented reality and virtual reality headsets

Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering volume 2, pages 634–650 (2025)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies enable interactive and immersive user experiences through head-worn devices that contain microdisplays. These microdisplays must have superior pixel density, brightness, contrast and response times, owing to the proximity of the AR glasses or VR headset to the eyes. Advanced microdisplay technologies in light engines such as liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), organic light-emitting diodes on silicon (OLEDoS) and light-emitting diodes on silicon (LEDoS) have emerged to meet the demands of AR and VR, and are typically integrated with optical components such as free-space, freeform or waveguide combiners. In this Perspective, we explore the key requirements for AR and VR microdisplays, consider the advantages of each light-engine technology and discuss how their performance can be accurately characterized. We also examine how LCoS, OLEDoS and LEDoS technologies are integrated with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) backplanes, and paired with optical combiners in AR displays, to merge virtual images with real-world scenes.

Key points

  • Head-mounted displays and near-eye displays for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications require high pixel density and brightness, as well as an appropriate balance of field of view, eyebox, angular resolution and contrast ratio, all with a lightweight form factor.

  • Three leading light-engine technologies for AR and VR microdisplays, each on a silicon–CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) backplane, have emerged: liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), organic light-emitting diodes on silicon (OLEDoS) and light-emitting diodes on silicon (LEDoS).

  • LCoS is a reflective display, using external high-power illumination sources without colour filters, and can achieve high pixel density and brightness, but suffers optical losses through polarization and reflection processes.

  • OLEDoS is a self-emissive display that combines high contrast ratios and wide colour gamut with ease of manufacture, but has limited brightness for AR displays.

  • LEDoS is another self-emissive display with high brightness and contrast ratio, and can have a long lifespan, but immature fabrication methods lead to high manufacturing costs.

  • New techniques have been developed to characterize the performance of these microdisplays, and a new kind of optical combiner — the waveguide combiner — has emerged for use with microdisplays for AR.

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Fig. 1: Microdisplays for augmented and virtual reality.
Fig. 2: Parameters of microdisplays for augmented reality and virtual reality.
Fig. 3: Liquid crystal on silicon.
Fig. 4: Organic LEDs on silicon.
Fig. 5: LEDs on silicon.
Fig. 6: Characterization methods for microdisplay pixels and display panels.
Fig. 7: Microdisplays with combiners.
Fig. 8: Comparison of microdisplays for augmented and virtual reality applications.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Samsung Display Co. (grant AWD-006596; K.L., I.S., Y.B.), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Program (YIP) (FA9550-23-1-0159; K.L, I.S.), Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program (2410005219, Platform technology for enhanced OLED materials and device industry high-performance backplane and high-efficiency; J.K., K.C.) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea), Institute of Information Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2024-00337012, Development of Multifocal XR Visualization Technology for Improved Accommodation-Vergence Conflict; J.Y.), Global Learning & Academic Research Institution for Master’s PhD students, Postdocs (LAMP) Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2024-00442483; J.K., K.C.), and the NRF grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (RS-2024-00357783; D.H.P.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Inbo Sim, Yongmin Baek, Heesung Lee & Kyusang Lee

  2. Department of Integrated Display Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Kyusung Choi & Jongchan Kim

  3. Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea

    Jun Hee Choi

  4. LG Display R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jang Jo

  5. VR/AR Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jiwoon Yeom

  6. RAONTECH Inc., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea

    Boeun Kim

  7. Future Display Business Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Yongjoo Cho

  8. Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Hyungseok Bang

  9. Reality Labs, Meta, Redmond, WA, USA

    Jun-Han Han

  10. Department of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

    Dong Hyuk Park

  11. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jongchan Kim

  12. Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Kyusang Lee

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Contributions

I.S., K.C., Y.B., J.H.C., J.J., J.Y., B.K., Y.C. and H.L. researched data for this Perspective and wrote the draft article. I.S., Y.B., D.H.P., J.K. and K.L. reviewed and edited the article before submission.

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Correspondence to Dong Hyuk Park, Jongchan Kim or Kyusang Lee.

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Sim, I., Choi, K., Baek, Y. et al. Microdisplay technologies in augmented reality and virtual reality headsets. Nat Rev Electr Eng 2, 634–650 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44287-025-00199-x

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