Fig. 5: Cytokine production in brain homogenates of control and JUAV-infected neonatal mice. | npj Viruses

Fig. 5: Cytokine production in brain homogenates of control and JUAV-infected neonatal mice.

From: Juruaça virus taxonomy, tolerance and resistance to infection, and inflammatory response modulation in murine model

Fig. 5

Cytokine levels in brain homogenates from control (n = 27) and JUAV-infected neonatal mice collected at 4 days post-infection (dpi) (n = 9), 8 dpi (n = 9), and 12 dpi (n = 9). The Y-axis represents cytokine concentrations expressed in pg/mL. Data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Cytokine measurements include: A IFN-γ, B TNF-α, C IL-1β, D IL-6, E IL-12p40, F IL-10, and G IL-4, and H NO. Notably, IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were highest at 12 dpi, whereas IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p40 peaked at 8 dpi and then decreased. IL-6 and IL-12p40 remained significantly elevated compared to control values at 12 dpi. Conversely, IL-10 and IL-4 concentrations decreased as the disease progressed. A significant reduction in NO production was observed only at 12 dpi. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p <0.001). Data are representative of three independent experiments.

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