Fig. 4: Building damage estimation in areas with noisy DPM signals following the 2020 Puerto Rico earthquake. | npj Natural Hazards

Fig. 4: Building damage estimation in areas with noisy DPM signals following the 2020 Puerto Rico earthquake.

From: Causal spatially heterogeneous Bayesian networks with GPs and normalizing flows for seismic multi-hazard estimation

Fig. 4

This figure demonstrates the ability of Spatial-VCBN to detect building damage patterns despite weak DPM signals. Top row (a–e) and bottom row (f–j) show two different regions. a, f Spatial distribution of λBD, quantifying the causal relationship strength from building damage to DPM; b, g Posterior probability of building damage occurrence; c, h Uncertainty of building damage posterior; d, i DPM showing noisy surface deformation signals; e, j Google satellite imagery showing developed areas with building structures.

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