Fig. 5: Liquefaction estimation in coastal areas of the 2021 Haiti earthquake.

Top row (a–e) and bottom row (f–j) show two different coastal areas. a, f Spatial distribution of λLF, quantifying the causal relationship strength from liquefaction to DPM; b, g Posterior probability of liquefaction occurrence; c, h Uncertainty of liquefaction posterior; d, i DPM showing noisy surface deformation signals; e, j Google satellite imagery showing coastal areas susceptible to liquefaction.