Table 1 Comparison of ANNs with ONNs for various problems

Pattern recognition

Developed by Wu and He¹⁹⁴

GPU (GeForce GTX1080)

Developed by Zhang et al.¹¹⁸, Biswas et al.¹¹⁹, and Yun et al.¹²⁰

Classification

Developed by Byerly et al.¹⁹⁵ (99.83% on MNIST)

GPU (GeForce GTX1080 Tis)

Developed by Abernot and Todri-Sanial¹²¹ (~62% on MNIST), ClassONN¹²² (~70% on MNIST), 8 × 8 MNIST with EP¹⁷⁹ (94.1%)

Edge detection

DexiNed¹⁹⁶

GPU (Titan XP)

Developed by Kim et al.¹²³ and Abernot et al.¹²⁴

Online learning

Developed by Nose et al.¹⁹⁷

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+

Developed by Abernot et al.¹²⁵ and Luhulima et al.¹²⁶

Sensory processing

Developed by Jain et al.¹⁹⁸

GPU (K40)

Developed by Yang et al.¹²⁷