Fig. 3: Visualization of multi-axis AM opportunities.
From: Non-planar additive manufacturing with hydrogels: a review of flow control and toolpath strategies
A Various printhead orientations relative to the printed surface. Orientations (3) and (4) align with the surface normal, whereas (1) and (2) align with the z-axis. B Optimal and suboptimal nozzle positions in multi-axis printing: (1-3) show ideal conditions, (4-6) depict failure-prone configurations. Inspired by the figure presented in63. Modified and redrawn by the authors. C Potential collision scenarios between extruded material and nozzle, influenced by nozzle shape, nozzle-object height, and deposition angle64. D Stress-optimized slicing of the Bunny CAD model, where slicing orientation aligns with internal stress directions to improve mechanical performance and surface finish65.
