Editorials

Disappearing glaciers and missing snow in mountain regions are some of the most immediate signs of global change today. In this issue, we focus on the broader changes in mountains and how they affect people living both within and far away from their peaks and valleys.

Climate action clearly needs greater ambition in the face of increasing physical, biological and social impacts. However, it is important to acknowledge successes, including safeguards that protect action so far, and there are initiatives being implemented across scales that are effective.

A decade ago, the Paris Agreement was adopted, which was a landmark for international climate governance. In this infographic, we reflect on the progress that has been made as well as some of the challenges that still lie ahead, such as policy agenda, social change and technology development.

December 2025 marks the tenth anniversary of adoption of the Paris Agreement. Although we have seen both achievements and disappointments in the past decade, we believe that the Paris Agreement will keep playing a key role in international climate actions.

Cities will face increasing risk along with intensified climate shocks but can also act as key agents for mitigation and adaptation. We hope to see more research that could lead to enhanced climate action by providing comprehensive, equitable and practical solutions.

Terrestrial ecosystems take up approximately a third of anthropogenically emitted carbon and are a key component of climate mitigation strategies. However, recent evidence indicates constraints on land-based carbon uptake and mitigation potential.

Clear methods reporting is key for reliable and reproducible science and can also prevent an extended review process. We highlight Methods section requirements for a more efficient publication process.

Adaptation efforts require responsive and adaptive institutions. Some progress has been made, but more systematic institutional adaptation is needed given the growing climate hazards.

There can be a disconnect between everyday life and the natural world, but a healthy diverse environment, where humanity can thrive, requires collective action to address the threats from climate change and development.

Many voices are needed in the climate change discussion to reach across society. Pope Francis is one example who offered his voice and support, in the conversation that needs to continue.

Climate change and climate action are socially and politically divisive topics in many countries. In addition to contributing to political disparity, climate research is also affected by political context, with consequences not only for scientists but for society as well.

The IPCC is in its seventh assessment cycle, and international collaboration, which established this organization, is still needed to ensure successful deliverables.

The recent COP29 barely reached a new climate finance target that leaves all parties wholeheartedly satisfied. However, even without perfect agreement, climate actions should not be delayed.

The year 2024 has once again been characterized by a large number of devastating climate-related hazards. While many of these events were likely to have been exacerbated by climate change, they also provide drastic reminders of the degree to which humans can influence whether a meteorological extreme develops into a disaster.

Aspirations for a just society can motivate individuals to engage in climate action; however, public awareness of climate justice remains low, and the extent of injustice within the climate crisis is often underestimated.

As attribution studies evolve in complexity and become more present in public discourse, care is needed to ensure that the associated uncertainties and relevant contexts remain clear.

The feasibility of certain climate actions needs to be carefully examined to address concerns over their practicality. Researchers across different climate change research fields are increasingly working on this topic.

Participating in or spectating at sporting events is a favourite pastime for many, but climate change could alter the sporting landscape. Yet, sports are unifying to be part of the solution.

From a scientific standpoint, the causes of current ongoing climate change are well established. But in the context of rapid change, and real-world consequences, there is still room — and need — for scientific discussion in climate change fields.

Small island states and territories have been leading climate action in many ways. In this issue, we highlight climate change research conducted on large ocean islands and how science can improve to help them adapt to changing environments.