Reviews & Analysis

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and managmement of individuals with degeneration of the intervertebral disc.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a natural consequence of ageing and involves a loss of tissue structural integrity, which can lead to various pathological states. In this Primer, Hammoor et al. review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of the various pathologies. They also discuss the effects of disc pathology on patient quality of life and highlight emerging and future therapies to improve outcomes.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease and other related peripheral neuropathies.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and the management of individuals with cytokine storm.

Cytokine storm represents a severe, often life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by elevated levels of cytokines that lead to organ damage. In this Primer, Kanneganti and colleagues describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cytokine storm as well as the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment, and highlight areas of future research to improve clinical outcomes.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations, and accompanies the Primer on this topic by Wilson et al.

This Primer by Wilson and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric manifestations of COVID-19.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms underlying Buruli ulcer and summarizes its epidemiology, diagnosis, management and areas for future research. It accompanies the Primer on this topic by Yotsu et al.

Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease and a neglected tropical disease that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. In this Primer, Yotsu et al. review the epidemiology, transmission and pathophysiology of the disease. They also discuss Buruli ulcer diagnosis and management, and highlight the disease burden on patients and future areas for research.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of podocytopathies, and accompanies the Primer on this topic by Romagnani and colleagues.

Podocytopathies are kidney diseases characterized by serum protein loss into the urine, and can lead to chronic kidney disease. In this Primer, the authors describe the epidemiology of this disease group, its six subtypes, diagnosis and management approaches. They also highlight effects on quality of life and future research areas.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms and pathophysiology of vitiligo, and summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of this condition. It accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Seneschal and colleagues.

Vitiligo is a chronic, autoimmune, depigmenting disorder that has both physiological and psychological effects on affected individuals. In this Primer, Seneschal and colleagues provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of the condition as well as of its effect on quality of life, and highlight current and emerging treatments.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology and our current understanding of the pathophysiology of Schizophrenia as well as discusses its diagnosis and management.

Schizophrenia is a complex and often long-lasting mental health condition that typically begins in late adolescence. In this Primer, Leucht and colleagues review the epidemiology of schizophrenia and current understanding of its pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, and discuss the quality of life of affected individuals as well as future research directions.

This PrimeView highlights the pathophysiology of Leishmaniasis and summarises its epidemiology, diagnosis, management and areas for future research. It accompanies the Primer on this topic by Pareyn and colleagues.

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted through the bite of female sandflies. In this Primer, Pareyn and colleagues review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of leishmaniasis, discuss current diagnosis and management, and identify future areas of research.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and quality of life of appendicitis, a common abdominal emergency arising from inflammation of the appendix.

Inflammation of the appendix, acute appendicitis, is one of the most common reasons for acute abdominal pain in children and adults and surgical emergency visits worldwide. In this Primer, Salminen and colleagues review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of appendicitis, and discuss future research areas.